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Michael Lee Roukes (born October 9, 1953) is an American experimental physicist, nanoscientist, and the Robert M. Abbey Professor of Physics, Applied Physics, and Bioengineering at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Roukes was born in Redwood City, California. After earning B.A. degrees in physics and chemistry (double majors) in 1978 at University of California, Santa Cruz, with highest honors in both majors, he received his Ph.D. in physics from Cornell University in 1985. His graduate advisor at Cornell was Nobel Laureate, Robert Coleman Richardson. Roukes’ thesis research at Cornell elucidated the electron-phonon bottleneck at ultra low temperatures;〔Roukes, M.L., et al., Hot electrons and energy transport in metals at mK temperatures (1985) ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 55, 422-425〕 the hot electron effect that is now recapitulated in texts on solid state transport physics. Stated in simplest terms, when electrons carry current in normal conductors, they heat up. At low temperatures and, now, in nanoscale devices at ordinary temperatures, their ability to dissipate this heat can be significantly impaired. This has generic implications for the operation of powered nanodevices. After earning his Ph.D., Roukes spent seven years as a Member of Technical Staff / Principal Investigator in the Quantum Structures Research group at Bell Communications Research in New Jersey, focusing on mesoscopic physics of electron transport in nanostructures. Roukes left Bellcore to become a tenured Associate Professor of Physics at Caltech in 1992, rising to full professorship in 1995, and subsequently became Professor of Physics, Applied Physics, and Bioengineering in 2000. Upon moving to Caltech, his principal research focus changed to nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).〔John Travis, Building Bridges to the Nanoworld (1994) ''Science'' 263, 1702-1703〕 As the earliest pioneer in this field, DARPA engaged Roukes to organize the first international workshop on NEMS in 1999,〔(1st) DARPA Workshop on Nanoelectromechanical Systems, San Diego, CA, 22–23 April 1999.〕 followed by a large international conference and school on nanoscale and molecular mechanics in 2002.〔1st International Conference and School on Nanoscale/Molecular Mechanics (n/m^2), Maui, Hawaii, May 12–17, 2002 (funded by DARPA).〕 The many alumni from his group continue to advance this field at major universities in the U.S. and abroad.〔Adrian Cho, Researchers Race to Put the Quantum in Mechanics (2003) ''Science'' 299, 36-37〕 Roukes' other research efforts at Caltech have focused on thermal properties of nanostructures, semiconductor spintronics, and, more recently, nanobiotechnology. In 2002 Roukes was named the founding Director of the ''Kavli Nanoscience Institute'' (KNI) at Caltech. After stepping down between 2006–2008, to focus on co-founding the international ''Alliance for Nanosystems VLSI'' (very large scale integration) and to pursue collaborative research on NEMS VLSI in connection with a ''Chaire d’Excellence'' in Nanoscience in Grenoble (with scientists at CEA/LETI-Minatec), Roukes returned as co-Director of the KNI in 2008. Roukes was named a recipient of a National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award in 2010. In 2012 he was named Chevalier (Knight) of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques by the Republic of France.〔http://consulfrance-losangeles.org/spip.php?article2111〕 Among his groups' principal achievements at Bell were observation of quenching of the Hall effect in a quasi-one-dimensional wire,〔Roukes, M.L. et al., Quenching Of The Hall-Effect In A One-Dimensional Wire (1987) ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 59, 3011-3014〕 elucidation of electron-boundary scattering in quantum wires,〔Thornton, T.J., Roukes, M.L., Scherer, A., & Vandegaag, B.P., Boundary Scattering In Quantum Wires (1989) ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 63, 2128-2131〕 invention of "anti"-dots〔Roukes, M.L & Scherer, A., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 34, 622(1989)〕 and elucidation of commensurability effects in this system,〔Weiss, D., Roukes, M.L. Menschig, A., Grambow, P, von Klitzing, K. & Weimann, G. , Electron Pinball And Commensurate Orbits In A Periodic Array Of Scatterers. (1991) ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 66, 2790-2793〕 first elucidation of chaotic transport in mesoscopic conductor,〔Roukes, M.L. & Alerhand, O.L., Mesoscopic Junctions, Random Scattering, And Strange Repellers (1990) ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 65, 1651-1654〕 and direct measurement of the transmission matrix for a mesoscopic conductor.〔Shepard, K.L., Roukes, M.L., & Vandergaag, B.P., Direct Measurement Of The Transmission Matrix Of A Mesoscopic Conductor (1992) ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 68, 2660-2663〕 Among his groups' principal achievements at Caltech are development of the first nanoelectromechanical systems,〔Cleland, A.N. & Roukes, M.L., Fabrication of high frequency nanometer scale mechanical resonators from bulk Si crystals. (1996) ''Appl. Phys. Lett.'' 69, 2653-2655〕 measurement of the quantum of thermal conductance,〔Schwab, K., Henriksen, E.A., Worlock, J.M., & Roukes, M.L., Measurement of the quantum of thermal conductance (2000) ''Nature'' 404, 974-977〕 first attainment of attogram mass resolution with a NEMS resonator,〔Roukes, M.L. & Ekinci, K.L, Apparatus and method for ultrasensitive nanoelectromechanical mass detection, U.S. Provisional Patent Application serial No. 60/288,741 filed on May 4, 2001; awarded as United States Patent 6,722,200, April 20, 2004〕 first measurement of nanodevice motion at microwave frequencies,〔Huang, X.M.H., Zorman, C.A., Mehregany, M., & Roukes, M.L. (2003) Nanodevice motion at microwave frequencies, ''Nature'' 421, 496-496〕 discovery of the giant planar Hall effect in semiconducting ferromagnets,〔Tang, H.X., Kawakami, R.K., Awschalom, D.D., & Roukes, M.L., Giant planar Hall effect in epitaxial (Ga,Mn)As devices (2003) ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 90, 107201〕 observation and control of a single domain wall in a ferromagnetic semiconducting wire,〔Tang, H.X., Masmanidis, S., Kawakami, R.K., Awschalom, D.D., & Roukes, M.L., Negative intrinsic resistivity of an individual domain wall in epitaxial (Ga,Mn)As microdevices (2004) ''Nature'' 431, 52-56〕 first demonstration of zeptogram-scale mass sensing,〔Yang, Y.T., Callegari, C., Feng, X.L., Ekinci, K.L., & Roukes, M.L., Zeptogram-scale nanomechanical mass sensing (2009) ''Nano Letters'' 6, 583-586 (2006).〕 first coupling of a qubit to a NEMS resonator,〔LaHaye, M. D., Suh, J. , Echternach, P. M., Schwab, K. C., & Roukes, M. L., Nanomechanical measurements of a superconducting qubit (2009) ''Nature'' 459, 960-964〕 and first demonstration of nanomechanical mass spectrometry of single protein molecules.〔Naik, A. K. , Hanay, M. S. , Hiebert, W. K., Feng, X. L., & Roukes, M. L., Towards single-molecule nanomechanical mass spectrometry (2009) ''Nature Nanotechnology'' 4, 445-449〕 Roukes has authored or co-authored highly cited general interest articles on nanophysics,〔Roukes, M., Plenty of room indeed (2001) ''Scientific American'' 285, 48-54〕 nanoelectromechanical systems,〔Roukes, M., Nanoelectromechanical systems face the future. (2001) ''Physics World'' 14, 25-31〕〔Ekinci, K.L. & Roukes, M.L., Nanoelectromechanical systems. (2005) ''Review of Scientific Instruments'' 76, 061101〕 spintronics,〔Wolf, S.A. ''et al.'', Spintronics: A spin-based electronics vision for the future. (2001) ''Science'' 294, 1488-1495〕 and quantum electromechanics.〔Schwab, K.C. & Roukes, M.L., Putting mechanics into quantum mechanics. (2005) ''Physics Today'' 58, 36-42〕 Roukes and his collaborators have accrued 38 patents in his fields of research. An electron micrograph of the quantum of thermal conductance device, taken by postdoc Keith Schwab and colorized by Roukes, was acquired for the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in 2008.〔''Design and the elastic mind'', by Paola Antonelli, Museum of Modern Art (2008, New York, N.Y.), p. 98〕 Roukes organized TEDxCaltech: Feynman’s Vision - ''The Next 50 Years'', held on January 14, 2011, which celebrated the genius of Caltech physicist Richard Feynman in a series of forward-looking talks in the TED (conference) format. Subsequently, he organized TEDxCaltech: ''The Brain'', which was held on January 19, 2013 at Caltech. Talks from these events can be found online. In 2011, Roukes was one of the six scientists first advocating, to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), a large-scale U.S. national neuroscience project to accelerate technology for functional connectomics.〔Johnson, Carolyn (April 5, 2013). "Local Scientists on Brain Mapping Dream Team Reflect on Challenges, Opportunity". Boston Globe. http://bo.st/1f2sy2c Retrieved April 11, 2013.〕 The group’s concept of a Brain Activity Map project 〔Alivisatos, A. Paul; Chun, Miyoung; Church, George M.; Greenspan, Ralph J.; Roukes, Michael L.; Yuste, Rafael (June 2012). "The Brain Activity Map Project and the Challenge of Functional Connectomics". Neuron 74 (6): 970–974. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.006. Retrieved February 22, 2013.〕〔Alivisatos, A.P., Chun, M., Church, G.M., Deisseroth, K., Donoghue, J.P., Greenspan, R.J., McEuen, P.L., Roukes, M.L., Sejnowski, T.J., Weiss, P.S., and Yuste, R. (2013). The Brain Activity Map. Science. 339:1284-5.〕 ultimately led to President Obama’s BRAIN Initiative, launched in 2013.〔Markoff, John (February 18, 2013). "Obama Seeking to Boost Study of Human Brain". New York Times. http://nyti.ms/18xelJn Retrieved February 18, 2013.〕 == External links == *(The Roukes Group at Caltech homepage ) *(The Kavli Nanoscience Institute at Caltech ) *(The Alliance for Nanosystems VLSI ) *("TEDxCaltech: The Brain (2013)" ) *( "TEDxCaltech: Feynman’s Vision - The Next 50 Years (2011)" ) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Michael Roukes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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